Please note: Wooster’s educational philosophy is centered on teaching children not course material.  Thus, while the topics of instruction included in these documents represent the best estimate of the faculty about what subjects will be explored in each class, some additions, subtractions, and changes are likely to occur each year based on the interests and aptitudes of the unique group of children who are being taught.

 

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Copyright Wooster School 2006

 

 

10th Grade

 

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English/Literacy

10TH GRADE ENGLISH

READING :

Bless Me Ultima (summer reading)

            Summer reading optional title

            Independent reading (novel)

Anthology Timeless Voices, Timeless Themes (Prentice Hall, Platinum Level)

Poetry unit (taken from the anthology) "The Bridegroom", "Fear", "The Kraken", "Reapers", "Metaphor", "Right Hand", "La Belle Dame sans Merci", "Danny Deever", "The Guitar", "Making a Fist", "Jade Flower Palace", "The Moon at the Fortified Pass", "What Are Friends For?", "Some Like Poetry", "Sonnet 18", "The Waking", "Morte d'Arthur"

Short prose fiction (taken from the anthology): "Contents of a Dead Man's Pockets", "The Monkey's Paw", "How Much Land Does One Man Need?", "Masque of the Red Death", "Two Friends", "By the Waters of Babylon", "Damon and Pythias", "The Open Window", "Hearts and Hands"

Short prose non-fiction (taken from the anthology): "How to React to Familiar Faces", from The Way to Rainy Mountain, "A Child's Christmas in Wales", from Desert Exile: The Uprooting of a Japanese-American Family

Othello

Sonnets

Native Son

Antigone

Pride and Prejudice

 

 

QUESTIONS: 

How are the characters aligned relative to the work's central themes?

How is the work's central conflict related to theme?

How is a lyric poem different from a narrative poem?

How does a poet develop conflict or tension in a poem?

How are these techniques different from a writer of prose?

What ideas do the elements of fiction invite us to consider?

How do you integrate the ideas of a piece of fiction into a coherent statement of theme?

What kinds of information appear in an essay?

What variations in organization do we find?

What do we learn about character based on the tone they assume when speaking?

How do the characters employ figures of speech to augment their meanings?

How do the minor characters contribute to the plot?

What variations on themes does the play contain? (honor, vengeance, tragedy, loyalty, courage)

What role does culture play in the development of character? (real and imagined)

Who is the central tragic figure in the play?

Do the gods of the mythological pantheon participate in the action of the play?

What is the role of Teiresias?

In what terms do we come to understand Antigone's heroism?

Where are the ideas of pride and prejudices presented in Pride and Prejudice

What are the sources of these perceptions? 

How seriously are we to take these biased perceptions and the characters who posses them?  

Which characters are able to overcome which of their prejudices during the course of the novel? 

What processes seem to accompany their vanquishing their earlier perceptions.

            Which characters do not overcome their prejudices? 

Is their fate different from those who do?

 

LITERARY TERMS: 

antagonist, protagonist, character,

theme, climax, resolution,

narrative, lyric,

haiku,

theme, symbol, thesis,

substantiation,  detail, generalization.

blank verse, iambic pentameter,

monologue, soliloquy, aside,

foreshadowing,

oxymoron,

metaphor, simile,

personification,

            irony, dramatic irony,

conceit

conflict, bone of contention

tragedy, comedy, satire

verbal irony, dramatic irony, situational irony,

uses of dialogue,

antithesis.

 

GRAMMAR

fragments, coordination, subordination, subject/verb agreement, noun/pronoun agreement,

pronoun/antecedent agreement, appositives. wordy sentences, awkward sentences, sentence variety

paragraph organization 

 

WRITING:

 comparative essay considering treatment 2-3 works give to a single theme.

a creative conceit:  (ex. a letter of complaint from one character to another, a letter of apology from one of the antagonists)

descriptive essay

position paper:  Is Othello evil?

compose an original sonnet

discuss in Antigone the way that three details in the plot contribute to a theme and enlarge its meaning. 

paper mirroring the oral presentation on Max's speech

comparison paper between Pride and Prejudice and Native Son examining the power of and the extent of prejudices in each

 

READING SKILLS: 

Three column notes -- 

a) a short précis of an event, 

b) the literary elements contained in the event, 

c) ideas and themes suggested by the details and events

Margin annotation

 

SPEAKING SKILLS: 

Principles of speech:  voice modulation, projection, enunciation, volume, eye contact, pace, thesis, purpose, visual aids, note cards

perform a scene or a soliloquy from Othello

discuss a poem, its content, literary elements and theme. 

deliver a review of the movie watched over the winter break. 

present a memorized poem or a song lyric (10 lines min.)

deliver a short oral presentation on a segment (2 pp.) of Max's defense speech in Native Son. 

                        present findings on the civil rights research

 

RESEARCH: 

Research skills:  use books, magazines, and electronic materials to form a perspective on an unfamiliar topic.

Research project bearing on a civil rights topic:

Harlem Renaissance

W. E. B. Dubois

Stephan Foster -- slave songs

Voting Rights, Miscegenation Laws, Grandfather Clauses

Plessy v. Ferguson

Richard Wright

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Chicago Ghettos -- Mis van der Rohe

Slavery in Connecticut

Malcolm X

Integration of the armed Forces

George Washington Carver

Integration in Professional Athletics

Martin Luther King, Jr. -- Civil Disobedience

Rosa Parks -- bus boycott

Jim Crow Laws

Incarceration of Japanese Citizens during WWII

The KKK -- its mission and charter

 

SELECTED MOVIES

Remember the Titans                                        Boyz in the Hood

Mississippi Burning                                           A Patch of Blue

Amistad                                                            In the Heat of the Night

Malcolm X                                                       A Family Affair

Do the Right Thing                                            Ghosts of Mississippi

To Kill a Mockingbird                          Crazy in Alabama

Driving Miss Daisy                                            A Soldier's Story

The Defiant Ones                                              Guess Who's Coming to Dinner

Walkabout                                                       Dances with Wolves

Glory

 

ENGLISH ELECTIVES AVAILABLE TO 10TH-12TH GRADERS:

 

SHAKESPEARE ELECTIVE

This course will look at the life, times, and literature of William Shakespeare.  In addition to our examination of the literary and thematic content of plays and sonnets, we will also explore a number of ways Shakespeare's plays have been adapted to the contemporary scene.  Our survey of his drama will include one comedy, one tragedy, and one history.  The plays will provide surprising variations on the themes of manhood, womanhood, freedom, virtue, royalty, war, love, and cynicism.

Reading:

Macbeth, The Merchant of Venice, The Taming of the Shrew, Troilus and Cressida, and Selected Sonnets

 

Language devices:

Oxymorons, Types of Irony, Genre study, Scansion

 

Writing :

Sonnets

Some research on the Elizabethan Period

Expository writing to include

                                    Comparisons

                                    Character study

                                    Plot analysis

Project on relevancy of Shakespeare to our times.

 

 

POETRY ELECTIVE

The design of poetry has changed over the centuries more radically than any other written genre.  This course will examine the roots of these designs in the past as well as their sundry manifestations in the present.  Students will be asked to complete a selection of independent projects including the presentation to the class of a contemporary writer, the production of their own poetry, and the explication of an established poet's works.  

Reading:

Introduction to poetry

The Top 500 poems

Poetry 180

 

Poetic devices:

                        Sound and image devices

                        Rhythmic devices

                        Shape

                        Rhyme scheme

                        Scansion

 

Writing:

                        Poetry

                        Expository essays

                        Comparative analysis

Two major projects and one public presentation

                                    Study of an established poet

                                    Study of an unestablished poet

                                    Presentation of our own works

 

 

CREATIVE WRITING ELECTIVE

In this semester-long workshop, primarily devoted to student writing, participants will produce, read, discuss, and revise stories and poems.  Students will strive for high productivity as well as explore various points-of-view, structures and elements of style.  Instruction in creative writing will be augmented by readings of essays on the craft of writing, short stories, and poems by modern and contemporary authors. 

 

Reading:

Selected essays

Selected short stories

Selected poems

 

Writing:

Students write everyday.

The semester culminates with two short fiction works (including one realistic fiction piece) and assorted poems.  Final written work must meet publication standards for submission into a Wooster School publication.

 

 

 

THE LITERATURE OF WAR

War, as old as humankind, calls forth some of our greatest virtues - courage, loyalty, mercy, humility.  It also reveals our capacity for cruelty, vindictiveness, and brutality.  Since the beginnings of western literature, war has been richly represented.  After reading selected classical and modern literature, each student will use both print and electronic resources to research and plan an individual course of reading and viewing that will reflect her/his particular historical and literary interests.  Class work will consist of student presentations based on individual reading/viewing and discussions led by students.  Throughout the course, attention will be paid to the representations, verbal and visual, of the wars, large and small, currently destroying the peace of the world.

 

 

 

LITERATURE OF THE SPIRIT  

Frederick Buechner has said that "The word spirit has come to mean something pale and shapeless like an unmade bed.” James Baldwin wrote, "It is one of the greatest impulses of mankind to arrive at something higher than a natural state." Perhaps spirit is in T. S. Eliot's "still point in the turning world" or in the formula spirit = breath = life.  This course will explore the representation of spirit within the Western tradition with an emphasis on modern and contemporary literature and film.  It will test the idea that spirit rightly understood is "a release from the isolation of egotism, a passion for justice and an invincible conviction that hope and joy can be at home in this universe," and it will examine the oxymoron "evil spirit.”

 

 

 

History

MODERN WORLD

GOALS

This course picks up where Ancient World leaves off and continues a survey of history and culture throughout the world.  Much of the course work is initiated in the text and students are examined from materials generated from the text book.  There is extensive evaluation of primary sources as well as the writings and interpretations from notable historians on particular events.  Students are challenged to ascertain why certain paths were taken and discuss different alternatives.  Throughout the course, students are exposed to cultural artifacts through art, video and music.  Students in Modern World are expected to write an in-depth research paper during the spring term.

 

TOPICS

Middle Ages

Renaissance

Age of exploration

Absolutism and Mercantilism

Enlightenment

The French Revolution

The Industrial Revolution and national unification

Imperialism

World War I

The Russian Revolution

World War II

Modern Africa

Modern Asia

Latin America

 

SKILLS:

    Students:

develop critical thinking skills about past events and how the past continues to influence today's world

demonstrate the ability to perceive past events with historical empathy

evaluate the credibility and authenticity of historical sources

learn to evaluate different historical interpretations

understand the nature and sources of the various types of political authority

understand how economic activity effects society

understand important events, social movements, and political processes that have shaped modern world history

identify major historical figures

understand the contingency of history

learn the basic facts about the modern world's political systems and constitutional governments

understand that social inequalities are larger than the individual based on a variety of factors

 

 

ADVANCED PLACEMENT MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY

GOALS

In addition to the topics covered in the Modern World class, students in this three semester course will cover the period suggested by the AP exam, 1470 to present.  The course emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, analytical writing, acquisition of knowledge, and balanced perspective.  Students who opt for this class must commit to it for all of the sophomore year and the first semester of junior year, and will be required to take the Modern European History Advanced Placement test.  The textbook is

The Western Heritage, John Merriman.

 

TOPICS

Renaissance

Reformation

Wars of Religion

Absolutism

Powerful states and their rulers

Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment

French Revolution

Napoleon

Nation-states and nationalism

World War I and alliances

Europe between the wars and the rise of fascism

World War II

Post World War II Europe

 

SKILLS

    Students:

are asked to read and prepare notes from their textbook.  These assignments ensure that they are covering material on their own, train them to find the salient points and write concisely, and, if done properly, provide revision notes for the course.

are regularly assigned classroom essays.  The purpose of these is to train students to build written arguments supported by factual material, and to present them in an organized, clear fashion.

during class, are encouraged to view historical events from different perspectives, and to recognize that it is not always possible to determine what the "right" course of action would be.

evaluate primary and secondary sources to help them read critically and recognize both bias and motive, and also serves to stimulate discussion about the creation and "truth" of history.

 

 

Foreign Language

Coursework generally includes French II, French III, Spanish II, Spanish III, or Latin III.

 

FRENCH II

This intermediate French course continues to develop a strong basis of the French language.  The class builds upon the material and goals presented at the beginning level of language learning.  The French II course is conducted primarily in French, which emphasizes the use of French as a means of communication.  The course demands active participation from the students in a variety of ways such as dialogues, presentations, pair activities, and interviews.  Several projects and presentations are included such as a unit on French food, a treasure hunt (giving and following directions), a presentation on Loire valley castles, and an awalé tournament.

 

GOALS

To improve the student's ability to speak the language

To improve the ability to communicate ideas effectively in French

To improve the understanding of oral and written French

To foster writing proficiency through directed and creative writing

To use new vocabulary and grammatical structures in written and spoken French

To recognize and understand the meaning of unknown words through context clues and cognates

To improve basic pronunciation and intonation skills

To continue to develop an appreciation for culture of France and other French-speaking countries

COURSE MATERIALS

Allez, viens! - level 2 series

                        Student text

                        Practice and Activity Workbook

                        Vocabulary and Grammar Workbook

                        In class use of audio CD's, video segments

French in Action video program (episodes 13-25)

Film:  Au revoir les enfants

TOPICS

            Conversation

Describing and characterizing yourself and others 

Expressing likes and dislikes

Asking for and giving advice

Relating a series of events

Welcoming someone and responding to someone's welcome

Asking for and giving directions

Paying and responding to  compliments

Paying and receiving compliments

Making suggestions

Making purchases

Asking for, offering, accepting, and refusing food

Extending good wishes

Giving prices

Asking for information and describing a place

Asking for and making suggestions

Sympathizing and consoling someone

Giving reasons and making excuses

Congratulating and reprimanding someone

Asking for opinions Expressing enthusiasm, indifference, and dissatisfaction

Expressing disbelieve and doubt

Asking for and giving information

Formal and informal phrasing of questions

Expressing satisfaction and frustration

Telling time

Expressing concern for someone and complaining

Giving advice Accepting and rejecting advice

Expressing discouragement and offering

Encouragement

Telling how often you do something

Telling what or whom you miss Reassuring someone

Asking and telling how things were like

Reminiscing

Making and responding to suggestions

Describing places

Wondering what happened

Offering possible explanations

Accepting and refusing explanations

Breaking some news

Showing interest

Beginning, continuing, and ending a story

Explanations and apologies

Sharing a confidence

Asking for and granting a favor

Making excuses

Apologizing and accepting an apology

Reproaching someone

Apologetic actions

Talking about personal problems

Accepting and refusing advice

Mechanics and Usage

The adjective quel

Using tu and vous

Contractions with à

intonation

Contractions with de

Emphasizing likes and dislikes

The reflexive pronouns se and me

The relative pronouns ce qui and ce que

De with adjectives and plural nouns

The phrase c'était

The pronoun en with activities

Figures of speech

Si on + the imparfait

Avoir l'air + adjective

            Pronunciation

Pronunciation: liaison

Pronunciation: e muet

Pronunciation: the nasal sounds

Pronunciation: [y] versus [u]

Pronunciation: the [r] sound

Pronunciation: the [e] sound

Pronunciation: the nasal sound [a]

            Vocabulary

Travel items

Family vocabulary

Clothing and colors

Weather expressions and seasons

Furniture and rooms

Places in town

Places to shop

Food items to buy

Meals

Gift items

Special occasions

Expressions of quantity

Food vocabulary

Places, flora, and fauna

Vacation activities

School day vocabulary

Meals at school

Sports and leisure activities

Weekend activities

Health expressions

Parts of the body

Injuries

Staying fit

Childhood activities

Adjectives of physical traits and personality

Chores

Places in a city

Feelings

Personal happenings

Friendship

School-related mishaps

Accidents and injuries

Party preparations

            Grammar

The imperative

Question formation

Prepositions of location

The object pronoun en

The partitive articles

The indirect object pronouns lui and leur

Recognizing reflexive verbs

Connectors for sequencing events

Introduction to the passé composé with être

Connector words

Question words

Formation of imparfait

Object pronouns and their placement

Direct object pronouns with the passé composé

Object pronouns before an infinitive

            Verbs

The verbs avoir and être

Adjective agreement

Choisir and other -ir verbs 

Future with aller

Regular -er verbs

Adjectives that precede the noun

Courses of a meal

The verbs pouvoir and vouloir

Reflexive verbs

Adverbs of frequency

Daily activities

The passé composé with avoir

The passé composé with être

The verb ouvrir

Verbs that use être in the passé composé

Reflexive verbs in the passé composé

The verb devoir

The verb se nourrir

The imparfait of avoir and être

The passé composé vs. the imparfait

Using être en train de and the imparfait

The passé composé of reflexive verbs

            Culture

Travel documents for foreign countries

Studying abroad

Ethnic restaurants

French teenagers' bedrooms

Notre-Dame de Chartres

Houses in francophone countries

Neighborhood stores

Typical meals in the francophone world

The euro

La ville de Saint-Pierre

Places to visit in different regions

The Creole language

Carnaval

Music and dance in Martinique

Carnet de correspondance

French grades and report cards

School life in francophone countries

Types of châteaux in France

Studying historical figures in school

Buses and trains in France

Research and presentations on Loire Valley castles

Good and bad eating habits

Pharmacies in France

Teenagers' exercise habits

Mineral water

Côte d'Ivoire

Things to see and buy in Côte d'Ivoire

Village life in Côte d'Ivoire

Ethnic groups in West Africa

High school in Côte d'Ivoire

Félix Houphouet-Boigny

Game of awalé

The cours Mirabeau

Aix-en-Provence

Histoires marseillaises

Paul Cézanne

Roman ruins in Aix-en-Provence

Provençale cuisine

 

SPANISH II

The Spanish II students continue to develop the four skills of language:  listening, speaking, reading, and writing.  At this level, the program continues to develop oral communication and place a strong emphasis on vocabulary.  Reading and writing skills continue to be developed and reinforced. Students are expected to prepare for various in-class presentations and dialogues.  Reading short stories is introduced at this level, as well as more focused writing exercises.

 

GOALS

To continue to build a strong vocabulary and grammatical base

To further develop students' communicative skills

To continue to encourage students' daily participation in class discussions

To further writing proficiency through directed exercises, dialogues on a variety of topics, and a daily journal

To enhance pronunciation skills

To improve listening comprehension skills and ability

To continue to expose students to Spanish culture and to the Spanish speaking world

COURSE MATERIALS

¡Ven conmigo! - level 2 series

Student text

            Practice and Activity Workbook

            Vocabulary and Grammar Workbook

            In class use of audio CD's, video segments

Destinos video series (episodes 7-18)

Short stories from Cuentitos simpáticos, an introductory reader

Practice exercises from the website Learn Spanish (www.studyspanish.com)

TOPICS

            Conversation

Introducing yourself and others 

Talking about what you and others do 

Saying what you like and don't like

Description of appearance of Hispanics

Talking about how you're feeling

Making suggestions and responding to them

Saying if something has already been done

Asking for and offering help

Describing your city or town

Expressing feelings

Talking about your daily routine

Talking about responsibilities

Complaining

Talking about hobbies and pastimes

Saying how long something has been going on

Expressions of agreement

Asking for help and responding to questions

Giving explanations

Asking for and giving opinions

Giving advice

Talking about things and people you know

Making comparisons

Making plans

Talking about staying fit and healthy

Telling someone what to do and not to do

Informal commands

Asking for and giving information

Relating a series of events

Talking about what you used to do

Saying what you used to like and dislike

Describing what people and things were like

Using comparisons to describe people

Talking about likes and dislikes using the preterit

Describing a past event

Saying why you couldn't do something

Reporting what someone said

Describing what you did

Asking for help in a store

Talking about how clothes look and fit

Bargaining in a market

Giving directions

Setting the scene for a story

Continuing and ending a story

Talking about the latest news

Reacting to news

            Mechanics and Usage

hace + quantity of time + que + present tense

deberías vs. debes

ser + adjective to describe people

para + infinitive

ser vs. estar

Comparisons: más...que, menos... que

ir + a + infinitive

Reflexives with verbs of emotion

Imperfect of ser to describe people and things

tan + adjective / adverb + como

Comparisons: más/menos + adjective + que

Superlatives

Verbs with prepositions

Formal commands with usted, ustedes

ser + de + material

            Vocabulary

Nationalities

Numbers

Colors

Family members

cafeterías

Calendar expressions

Places around town

Weather expressions

Clothing

Daily activities

Chores

Hobbies and pastimes

Household chores

Daily routines

Verbs of personal grooming

Vocabulary of household chores

Vocabulary for hobbies and pastimes

School and computer terms

Activities around town

After school activities

School subjects

Sports

Fitness activities

Health and fitness terms

Body parts

Injuries and explanations

Ordering in a restaurant

In the city

Places in the city

In the train station

In a restaurant

Birthday celebrations

Food vocabulary

Describing people and places

Conveniences

Descriptive adjectives

In the zoo, the amusement park, and movie theater

Running errands

At a festival

Describing things

In a clothing store

In a market

Clothing/shoe sizes

Expressions for shopping

Clothing material and pattern

Accidents, mishaps, and daily events

Science fiction and fairy tales

The latest news

            Grammar

Indirect object pronouns with verbs like gustar 

Reflexive verbs and pronouns

e to i stem change in vestirse

Direct object pronouns: lo, la, los, las

Question formation

Spelling changes in verbs that end in -car, -gar, -zar

Spelling change of o to u and y to e to avoid vowel repetition

Direct and indirect objects

            Verbs

Present tense of tener

Adjective agreement

Present tense of regular verbs

The verb estar

Preterit of -ar verbs

Present tense of querer and poder

Adverbs ending in mente

estar + adjective to describe location

Present tense of the verb conocer

Preterit of the verb dormir

Preterit of regular -er and -ir verbs

Preterit of poder

Preterit of regular -ar verbs

Reflexive verbs

Present tense of saber

saber vs. conocer

Preterit forms of pedir, servir, traer

Poder

The preterit for listing events

The imperfect tense of -ar, -er, -ir verbs

The imperfect tense of  ir and ver

The imperfect of hay

The preterit

Adjectives with -ísimo/a

Using mientras in the past

Preterit of decir

The imperfect tense

Imperfect of hay

The preterit vs. the imperfect

Preterit of oír, creer, leer, caerse

The preterit and the imperfect to tell a story

The preterit of tener

Preterit of ser

            Culture

el euro

Planning evening activities in Spain

Calendar

Extended family living together

Celsius vs. Fahrenheit

Barcelona

Popular free-time activities among teenagers

Valle de México

Classroom activities

School levels in Mexico

Cost of university education in Latin America

Who is an American?

Student responses about health habits in Spanish-speaking countries

Snack foods in Spanish-speaking countries

Childhood activities

Public services in Latin American cities

el merengue

El Yunque and el coquí

Holidays and festivals in Spanish-speaking countries

el mercado de Otavalo

Mural art

Weather map of Bolivia

A Chilean folk tale

An Ecuadorean legend

"La Llorona"

 

FRENCH III

This intermediate French course concludes Wooster School's graduation requirement of three years of a modern language in the Upper School. The class continues to build upon the material and goals presented at the beginning levels of language learning.

The French III course is conducted primarily in French, which continues to emphasize the importance of French as a means of communication.  Active class participation is an expectation from all students.  By the end of the course students are exposed to French literature and French film. Students do several class presentations in French including one on French films and one on French provinces.

 

GOALS

To continue to develop the basic language skills of reading, speaking, listening, and writing

To encourage more extensive writing

To use more complex vocabulary and grammatical structures in written and spoken French

To recognize and understand the meaning of unknown words through context clues and cognates

To improve basic pronunciation and intonation skills

To develop an appreciation for culture of France and other French-speaking countries

To develop a sense of confidence in speaking French and to take risks with the language

To begin to think in French, rather than English

COURSE MATERIALS

Allez, viens! - level 3 series

             Student text

             Practice and Activity Workbook

             Vocabulary and Grammar Workbook

In class use of audio CD's, video segments

French in Action video program (episodes 26-40)

"La Parure" by Guy de Maupassant

Films:  Cyrano de Bergerac, Les Miserables

TOPICS

            Conversation

Renewing old acquaintances 

Exchanging information

Expressing indecision

Making recommendations

Ordering and asking for details

Asking for and giving directions

Expressing impatience

Reassuring someone

Expressing enthusiasm and boredom

Favorite comic book characters

Making, accepting, and refusing suggestions

Asking for, granting, and refusing permission

Expressing obligation

Forbidding

Reproaching

Justifying your actions and rejecting other's excuses

Complaining

Pointing out and identifying people and things

Paying and responding to compliments

Asking about and expressing intentions

Expressing conditions and possibilities

Asking about future plans

Expressing wishes and indecision

Requesting information

Writing a formal letter

Giving advice

Making a telephone call

Expressing likes and preferences

Making and accepting apologies

Showing and responding to hospitality

Quarreling

Expressing thanks

Making suppositions

Expressing doubt and certainty

Expressing astonishment

Cautioning someone

Expressing fear

Expressin